For each transaction, the appropriate amount of aes had to be weighed. Then it was started to use untreated bronze, in small pieces, for payment, the so-called aes rude. Scientists estimate the probable time of the emergence of a new currency in the middle of the 5th century BCE. With the more and more frequent contacts of the Romans with the Greeks living in southern Italy (so-called Great Greece), a need appeared in Roman society to imitate their Greek neighbours.
#Emperor rise of the middle kingdom pecunia license
Moreover, many sites and/or forgeries discussed in previous publications should be studied again using new methods and adopting new considerations. Since then, many new artefacts have been found, but information about them has been published only in part, and many have not been studied by numismatists or subjected to archaeometrical investigation. Frigyes Kahler is the researcher who most recently (several decades ago) published articles about the counterfeiting of coins during the Middle and Early Modern Ages. Visegrád, Buda, Esztergom, Kassa, Tevel, Bonyhádvarasd, and Szuhogy-Csorbakő, where not only counterfeit coins but other artefacts or objects (sheet metal, raw material, casting jars, and furnaces) which are obviously related to this illegal activity have been excavated. Many forgeries can be found in numismatic collections, but tracing them to a specific workshop is sometimes a difficult matter. We have obtained many written sources and archaeological artefacts related to the counterfeiting of coins of the Hungarian Kingdom during the Middle and Early Modern Ages.
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